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        由于传统的塑料是很稳定的、不易降解和生物降解的产品，随意丢弃的塑料和垃圾填埋场中固体塑料废物是一个重大环境问题。随意丢弃的一次性塑料制品 (尤其是塑料袋)是一种有形的和普遍的污染物，并威胁到动物、海洋物种和人类健康。在垃圾填埋场，固体塑料废物增加填埋量，阻碍填埋压实和拖延废弃有机物 质降解, 从而促成有害的温室气体甲烷的生成。就算有些国家用燃烧方式处理垃圾从而转化能量为取暖用途，其产生的炭排放气体量也极高，因此，硏发出可较快降解、全生物降解或可减少炭排放的塑料是处理这些问题令人欣喜的一步。
 

With increasing public concern over plastic waste accumulation in recent years, the demand for plastics that has a much shorter degradable cycle or can significantly reduce its level of greenhouse gas emissions is mounting. The plastics industry has tried various approaches to develop new type of plastics that can perform in the same way as conventional plastics.

光合降解/Oxo-degradable Additives

        过去二三十年来，塑料行业一直不断研发与普通塑料等效、价格低廉，能够被广泛使用的降解和生物降解塑料产品。希望开发出性能等同普通塑料，但可在不同处理 环境(丢弃垃圾,填埋,堆肥,水,土壤)中较快降解和生物降解的塑料。光合降解技术是实现这些目标的最实用和最经济的方式。

        在制造过程中添加少量的光合降解化学添加剂可以使得最常见和广泛使用的树脂制成的塑料产品可控降解。这些产品接触氧气后，在紫外线(阳光)、高温和/或机械应力作用下开始降解。降解开始时间按照最终用户对产品寿命的要求“设定”。聚乙烯产品（如购物袋及垃圾袋）证明可进一步无毒生物降解。

        使用光合降解化学添加剂的塑料产品在生产过程、性能及外观上同普通非降解塑料产品完全相同。价格非常合理。在降解开始之前可同普通塑料产品一起回收和再循环。

        经过科学检测以及公开发表的检测报告证明，使用光合降解化学添加剂的塑料产品可直接接触食品，并符合适用的美国、加拿大及欧洲的标准。并可作出相应环境声明。公开发表的报告还证明使用使用光合降解化学添加剂的塑料的塑料产品可以通过堆肥处理，最终产品对植物或动物没有任何负面影响。

Oxo-degradable additive, is one of the most practical and economical product that makes plastics biodegrade relatively quickly in different disposal environment.

When added to PE, PP and PS resins, causes the plastic to degrade at a controlled rate. The degradation is triggered by exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight), elevated temperatures or mechanical stress. The shelf life and service life of degradable plastic products incorporating oxo-degradable additive can be customized based on customer requirements ranging from a few months to years, depending on the type and amount of additive added to the plastic resin. Subsequent to the initial degradation, products made with polyethylene (such as grocery, shopping and garbage bags) are biodegradable.

Plastics incorporating oxo-degradable additive is processed, performs and is visually indistinguishable from conventional non-degradable plastic materials. They have similar physical properties as regular products prior to the onset of degradation. They are cost-competitive. They are also compatible with existing recycling operations and can be safely co-mingled with conventional plastic inputs prior to the onset of degradation.

Most oxo-degradable additive products are food contact compliant and meet applicable US, Canadian and European standards. Composts made from plastics incorporating oxo-degradable additive are found to have no toxic effect on sensitive plant or animal life.

生物降解/堆肥 Bio-degradable/Compostable
 

        可生物降解/堆肥的创聚合物塑料是广泛使用淀粉，纤维素，植物油及其组合领域取得专有技术的创新生物塑料的产品。他们发现，在各个领域，如垃圾分类收集处理，食品服务行业，大型零售分配，包装，农业，公共卫生和个人护理应用。

        可生物降解/堆肥的创聚合物塑料的属性和使用的特征非常类似于传统的塑料，但在同一时间，它们根据欧洲标准 EN13432，为技术材料制造商、公共机关、认证机构和消费者最重要的生物降解和可堆肥的参考指引。

        由于生物降解性和可堆肥的特点，使用可生物降解/堆肥的创聚合物塑料的产品可以优化废物收集和管理，以减少对环境的影响，并对于所有的生产 - 消费 - 废弃周期系统改良有显著的发展优势。

        市场上最早诞生而比较有名的可生物降解/堆肥的聚合物塑料是Mater-Bi®品牌。

        主要自蔬菜成分 - 以下多种（纤维素，甘油，天然填料和各种农作物获得的非转基因淀粉），它们都从种植园萃取，并不会利用未开发或者砍伐的土地。

        例如，玉米淀粉，为Mater-Bi ®使用的其中一种主要的传统植物成分，是已经被广泛使用了几十年作为工业添加剂，以产生大量的产品，例如纸。所使用的不是改造基因玉米，并在欧洲以当地农场常用的农艺方法种植。它是直接从谷物中提取并进行设计，以保持其自然特性的物理变化。这使得该方法有效率，使资源的利用为最小值。

        Mater-Bi ®含淀粉的等级都涵盖了广泛的专利和各种高度多元化结构，其中淀粉或者形成与其他聚合物组分的复合物，或呈现出非常精细的分散的形态，这使得该产品特别坚韧。

        其它等级的Mater-Bi ®不含有淀粉而只是仅仅由生物降解的可再生能源的聚合物用的原料或化石来源的原料来制造。只从使用化石资源获得的物质时，其可再生等值并非适用于工业水平。用作聚合物原料的植物油来自非基因改造作物（没有用棕榈油或豆油）。

        其中一个与生产Mater-Bi ®有关联的成份是Origo-Bi®，由Novamont技术从植物油家族得到的聚酯。Origo-Bi®有助于改善Mater-Bi®性能范围内的技术，经济和对环境的影响。
 

        同时, 现在很多国内的供应商也提供符合欧洲标准 EN13432的可生物降解/堆肥的聚合物塑料，价格也较相宜。

Bio-degradable/Compostable now has family of innovative bioplastics obtained thanks to proprietary technologies in the field of starch, cellulose, vegetable oils and their combinations. They find application in various areas, such as separate waste collection, food service sector, large-scale retail distribution, packaging, agriculture, hygiene and personal care.

Bioplastics are materials whose properties and characteristics of use are very similar to those of traditional plastics, but at the same time, they are biodegradable and compostable according to the European standard EN 13432, the most important reference for the technical material manufacturers, public authorities, composters, certifiers and consumers.

One of the most early available and famous brand is the Mater-Bi®. Due to the characteristics of biodegradability and compostability, products allow to optimize waste collection and management, to reduce environmental impact and to contribute to the development of virtuous systems with significant advantages along all the production-consumption-disposal cycle.

Mater-Bi® biopolymers can be classified according different typologies or “grades”. The vegetable components are of various kinds (cellulose, glycerin, natural fillers and non-genetically modified starch obtained from various crops) and are all extracted from plantations that do not exploit virgin or deforested land.
For example, corn starch, traditionally one of the first plant components to be used in Mater-Bi®, is a substance that has been widely used for decades as an industrial additive to produce a large number of products such as paper. The corn used is not genetically modified and is grown in Europe following the usual agronomic practices adopted by European farms. It is extracted directly from the grains and subjected to physical changes designed to maintain its natural characteristics. This makes the process efficient, reducing the use of resources to a minimum.
The grades of Mater-Bi® containing starch are covered by a wide range of patents and present highly diversified structures in which the starch either forms a complex with the other polymer components or presents a very fine dispersed morphology, which makes the products particularly tough.

Other grades of Mater-Bi® do not contain starch but simply biodegradable polymers produced using raw materials coming from renewable sources or fossil-derived raw materials. The substances obtained from fossil resources are only used when their renewable equivalents are not available on an industrial level. Vegetable oils used as a raw material for polymers come from non-genetically modified crops (no use is made of palm oil or soybean oil).

One of the components involved in the process of realization of Mater-Bi® are Origo-Bi®, the family of polyesters obtained from vegetable oils through a Novamont technology. Origo-Bi ® help to improve the technical, economic and environmental impacts of Mater-Bi® and toincrease the range of properties.

生物基/Biobased
 

        因有些国家用燃烧方式处理垃圾从而转化能量为取暖用途, 所以市场上就出现了高生物基原料成分而不需要生物降解/堆肥的创聚合物塑料的需求。是指用可再生資源製成的獨特產品，不需要生物降解/堆肥，但对整個生产使用鏈中減少溫室氣體排放量在的水平需有著顯著的貢獻。
 

        市场需求一般对生物基原料的要求是以其生物基含量分等级，其中最有名的是巴西的Breskem公司。他们的注册商标产品 - “綠色聚乙烯”是一種可再生的替代聚乙烯，一個主要用於消費品包裝的熱塑性樹脂品行業，如食品飲料，清潔和個人護理產品，以及玩具，垃圾容器和塑料袋。在其循环結束時，綠色聚乙烯可以和常規聚乙烯一样在同一個生产使用鏈中进行回收与再生。
 

        Breskem公司的注册商标产品 - “綠色聚乙烯”使用的原料是甘蔗乙醇。

By using Green Polyethylene, Braskem’s partners can offer unique products made from renewable resources that make a significant contribution to reducing the level of greenhouse gas emissions throughout the chain. Green Polyethylene is a renewable alternative to polyethylene, a thermoplastic resin largely used for packaging in consumer goods industries, such as food and beverage, cleaning and personal care products, as well as toys, trash containers and plastic bags. At the end of its lifespan, Green Polyethylene can be recycled in the same chains already developed for conventional polyethylene. The I’m green™ seal can be applied to finished packaging and products that have Green Polyethylene in their composition. Different source, same properties Green Polyethylene is a drop-in biopolymer. Substituting conventional polyethylene with Green Polyethylene does not require investments in new plastics manufacturing machinery. The Green Polyethylene portfolio features approximately 30 grades in the HDPE, LLDPE and LDPE families that cover a wide range of applications. The vast majority of these grades have renewable carbon content of between 80% and 100%, based on their biogenic carbon content measured in accordance with the standard ASTMD6866. There are a number of recognized certifiers in Europe, the USA and Asia that offer labels for the renewable content of a material or products based on ASTMD6866. The raw material used to make Braskem’s Green Polyethylene is sugarcane ethanol.